Use
of Passive
Passive
voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or
not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example:
My bike was stolen.
In
the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen.
I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes
a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the
following example shows:
Example:
A mistake was made.
In
this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not
blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form
of Passive
Example:
A letter was written.
When
rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
- the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
- the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
- the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Examples
of Passive
Tense
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object
|
||||
Simple
Present
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
writes
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
is
written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Simple
Past
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wrote
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
was
written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Present
Perfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
has
written
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
has
been written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Future
I
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
will
write
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
will
be written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Hilfsverben
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
can
write
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
can
be written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Examples
of Passive
Tense
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object
|
||||
Present
Progressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
is
writing
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
is
being written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Past
Progressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
was
writing
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
was
being written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Past
Perfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
had
written
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
had
been written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Future
II
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
will
have written
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
will
have been written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Conditional
I
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
would
write
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
would
be written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Conditional
II
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
would
have written
|
a
letter.
|
|||
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
would
have been written
|
by
Rita.
|
||||
Passive
Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting
an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one
of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an
object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you
want to put the focus on.
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object
1
|
Object
2
|
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wrote
|
a
letter
|
to
me.
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
was
written
|
to
me
|
by
Rita.
|
Passive:
|
I
|
was
written
|
a
letter
|
by
Rita.
|
.
As
you can see in the examples, adding by
Rita does
not sound very elegant. That’s
why it is usually dropped.
Personal
and Impersonal Passive
Personal
Passive simply
means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive
verb) can form a personal passive.
Example:
They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs
without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal
passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject
of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in
passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore
this passive is called Impersonal
Passive.
Example:
he says – it is said
Impersonal
Passive is
not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German,
Latin). In English, Impersonal
Passive is
only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say,
think, know).
Example:
They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women
live longer than men.
Although Impersonal
Passive is
possible here, Personal
Passive is
more common.
Example:
They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live
longer than men.
The
subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of
the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The
rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with
'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are
dropped).
Sometimes
the term Personal
Passive is
used in English lessons if the hndirect object of an active sentence
is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Kalimat
aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah
tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan
pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari
sebuah tindakan.
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
- Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
- Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
- Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
- Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku
Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
- Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau
kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh
(by)
Contoh:
Contoh:
- Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955
Rumus
umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
- Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
- Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll
To
be yang digunakan
- Present : is, am, are
- Past : was, were
- Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
- Future : be (setelah modals)
- Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)
Hal-hal
yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
- Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.
Contoh-contoh
kalimat aktif dan pasif
- Jack sings a song (active)
- A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
- Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
- A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
- Jack has sung a song (active)
- A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack will sing a song (active)
- A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack is singing a song (active)
- A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack can sing a song (active)
- A song can be sung by Jack (passive)
Beberapa
Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
- Help the poor (active)
- Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive
Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
- It is time to send the letter (active)
- It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative
Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
- Don�t wait for me (active)
- You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive
Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
- This food tastes delicious (active)
- This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)
5) Passive
Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
- We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
- It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive
Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
- I consider her very pretty (active)
- She is considered very pretty (passive)
7) Passive
Sentence with two objects
- He gave me a book (active)
- A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
- I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8) Passive
Sentence with Gerund Verbs
- The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
- The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
9) Agent
consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
- We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
- I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive
Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
- This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
- This wall needs painting.
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